LE is largely packaged into two large compressed files (KERNEL and SYSTEM). If anything corrupts them, they cannot decompress and LE won't boot, whereas with a more conventionally packaged OS with thousands of files scattered over the disk; if you corrupt a couple of files it will usually manage to boot and you might not notice the things that failed due to the corruption.
Cards with corrupted filesystems can be fixed with 'fsck' from the USB stick install or another distro. If you can fix the filesystem you can boot from the card again, and/or copy data off the card to make a backup. Cards can also fail with dead memory breaking the filesystems. This cannot be fixed with fsck, so if fsck fails to repair the card or hangs .. you lost data (and learned why taking backups is a good idea) and you need to start over with a new card (or remain on the USB stick).
Boot the RPi4 from USB, then connect the SD card. Then SSH into the RPi4 from Windows, unmount the filesystems on the SD card so they are not mounted (in use) and filesystem check (fsck) them:
umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
umount /dev/mmcblk0p2
fsck -y /dev/mmbclk0p1
fsck -y /dev/mmcblk0p2
See how that goes.