Code
<3>[ 13.496949] squashfs: SQUASHFS error: unable to read id index table
<6>[ 13.497211] F2FS-fs (loop0): Magic Mismatch, valid(0xf2f52010) - read(0xc71e53f1)
<3>[ 13.497214] F2FS-fs (loop0): Can't find valid F2FS filesystem in 1th superblock
<6>[ 13.497254] F2FS-fs (loop0): Magic Mismatch, valid(0xf2f52010) - read(0x41e10784)
<3>[ 13.497256] F2FS-fs (loop0): Can't find valid F2FS filesystem in 2th superblock
<6>[ 13.497265] F2FS-fs (loop0): Magic Mismatch, valid(0xf2f52010) - read(0xc71e53f1)
<3>[ 13.497268] F2FS-fs (loop0): Can't find valid F2FS filesystem in 1th superblock
<6>[ 13.497270] F2FS-fs (loop0): Magic Mismatch, valid(0xf2f52010) - read(0x41e10784)
<3>[ 13.497273] F2FS-fs (loop0): Can't find valid F2FS filesystem in 2th superblock
<3>[ 14.533541] squashfs: SQUASHFS error: unable to read id index table
The good thing about packaging the entire OS into two files is you only have two files (not thousands). The bad thing is you have one byte of corruption in the image and the entire OS doesn't boot. The lines above indicate something is bad with the SYSTEM file - which matches the error message you're seeing.
I'd guess it's time for a new USB stick?