Different cable and display show same result. Only those three 4:3 resolutions are available on 3B+, even after fresh installation on formatted SD card.
The 4B connects at 1920x1080 automatically with the same cable. But I agree, this is probably a secondary issue.
So, with the same cable and display the RPi4B working well and the RPi3B+ not. Maybe is something wrong with your RPi3B+. Did you tried with something else, like the "Raspberry Pi OS"? Just to check if with another OS you get the same issue. I'm using now RPi3B, RPi3B+ and RPi4B (now with the latest LE12 nightly), and only once had a display detection issue (last year, cheap bad HDMI cable).