This sounds a lot like you have a connection issue, a hardware problem or some configuration issue, especially as it's also failing on RPi OS.
I did a quick test on RPi4 with latest LE12 build and it detected the TV hat just fine - without adding anything to config.txt (it's plug-and-play)
Code
LibreELEC:~ # dmesg | grep -i cx
[ 14.786410] dvbdev: DVB: registering new adapter (CXD2880)
[ 14.834939] cxd2880: cxd2880_attach: CXD2880 driver version: Ver 1.4.1 - 1.0.5
[ 14.834957] cxd2880 spi0.0: DVB: registering adapter 0 frontend 0 (Sony CXD2880)...
[ 14.835403] cxd2880_spi: cxd2880_spi_probe: Sony CXD2880 has successfully attached.
so long,
Hias