[ 3.491608@1] mmcblk0: sd:1388 NCard 14.8 GiB (ro)
[ 3.514280@1] mmcblk0: p1
[ 3.919301@0] mmcblk1: emmc:0001 NCard 7.21 GiB
[ 3.919434@0] mmcblk1boot0: emmc:0001 NCard partition 1 4.00 MiB
[ 3.919562@0] mmcblk1boot1: emmc:0001 NCard partition 2 4.00 MiB
[ 3.920731@0] mmcblk1: p1
[ 3.922404@1] [mmcblk1p01] bootloader offset 0x000000000000, size 0x000000400000
[ 3.922604@1] [mmcblk1p02] reserved offset 0x000002400000, size 0x000004000000
[ 3.922789@1] [mmcblk1p03] cache offset 0x000006c00000, size 0x000020000000
[ 3.922977@1] [mmcblk1p04] env offset 0x000027400000, size 0x000000800000
[ 3.923164@1] [mmcblk1p05] logo offset 0x000028400000, size 0x000002000000
[ 3.923338@1] [mmcblk1p06] recovery offset 0x00002ac00000, size 0x000002000000
[ 3.923506@1] [mmcblk1p07] misc offset 0x00002d400000, size 0x000002000000
[ 3.923720@1] [mmcblk1p08] boot offset 0x00002fc00000, size 0x000002000000
[ 3.923903@1] [mmcblk1p09] system offset 0x000032400000, size 0x000060000000
[ 3.924074@1] [mmcblk1p10] data offset 0x000092c00000, size 0x00013b500000
[ 3.925427@1] mmcblk1boot1: p1
[ 3.925450@1] mmcblk1boot1: p1 start 16065 is beyond EOD, truncated
[ 3.926875@1] mmcblk1boot0: p1
[ 3.926892@1] mmcblk1boot0: p1 start 16065 is beyond EOD, truncated
[ 6.115749@1] EXT3-fs (mmcblk1p9): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (40)
[ 6.116116@1] EXT2-fs (mmcblk1p9): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (40)
[ 6.123021@1] EXT4-fs (mmcblk1p9): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[ 6.272221@1] EXT3-fs (mmcblk1p10): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (40)
[ 6.272595@1] EXT2-fs (mmcblk1p10): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (40)
[ 6.280626@2] EXT4-fs (mmcblk1p10): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
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"It works in Windows" because Windows blindly trusts whatever disk/partition geometry data is presented to the OS before it goes ahead and mounts the partitions on the storage device. In comparison; Linux validates the geometry data presented to prevent data loss issues. In this case the partition data is invalid so Linux correctly refuses to mount the damaged partitions. Id guess the SD card is going bad, or there are traces of previous partition schemes on the storage that cause conflict.
Use our USB/SD creator app to restore bootsector.img to the SD card then reformat the media in Windows (any format scheme you like) and try again.