Quote
bootargs=boot=UUID=2604-0049 disk=UUID=f660cd3d-904b-452a-ae8e-3584aab3e106 quiet ssh systemd.debug_shell=ttyAML0 console=ttyAML0,115200n8 console=tty0
Create a clean SD card from the same image. Set the DTB name in uEnv.ini and add "ssh" in the boot params ^ (beware the forum is wrapping lines - it should all be one line). This forces SSH to start, even if the GUI doesn't come up etc.
Then login over SSH and run "pastekodi" and share the URL so I can see the boot log (and what's going on with the mount/unmount).