Thanks for the log!
The log shows you have hyperhdr running, better stop that to ensure it's not accessing the /dev/leds0 device node.
Also you seem to have some "99-com.rules" udev rules - what do you set up there?
We're building the kernel straight from the RPi kernel repo - only with modified config. AFAICT everything should be in place in our kernel so I have no idea what could be causing the issue. As the ws2812 driver doesn't log any errors/warnings it's hard to tell what the issue may be.
Device major/minor numbers shouldn't matter at all, they are dynamically allocated nowadays.
Before opening an issue on the RPi kernel repo better triple-check that it's not some configuration/setup issue on your side, eg try with a plain LE installation on a separate SD card with just the dtoverlay added - and nothing more. Also maybe try asking on the RPi forum first, the Interfacing section might be a good place.
so long,
Hias