Meestor_X thanks for the new log, this looks fine now.
The next step will be that you create a bug report on the RPi linux repo here https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/issues
The key point to creating a useful bug report is to provide as much as useful information as possible upfront so the devs can unterstand, reproduce, analyze and then fix the issue.
RPi devs use a standard issue template that you have to fill out and provide the necessary info. Best have a look at it first, then take your time to collect the info and fill it out and submit it once you have all the info.
Check through the items I listed here RE: LibreElec v11 on RPI3 won't start and include all this info in the bug report.
I'd suggest using a meaningful title like "RPi3 boot regression with Sandisk Extreme Endurance 256GB since kernel 5.15".
Start with mentioning boot issues with current RPiOS bullseye image and post the error message you got on screen and/or attach a picture of it.
Also mention that you get the same issue with LibreELEC and kernel 6.1 and attach the dmesg you captured - that should be very helpful to devs.
Run "raspinfo" on the working RPiOS legacy / Buster image to collect the info the devs usually want.
Mention the results of rpi-update to latest 5.10 and first 5.15 kernels/firmwares, as mentioned in my list.
Also feel free to post a link to this forum thread as a reference.
Very likely RPi devs will then come back to you with more questions or will ask you to test some kernels with rpi-update - be patient, depending on their current workload this could take anything from a few minutes to months.
If you want to proofread or check your bug report before you submit it on the RPi repo then just post a draft of it here in this thread and I'll have a look and comment on it.
so long,
Hias