Those PCM5102 DAC boards derive their frequency from the BCK pin which is driven by the RPi - in contrast to other boards with on-board crystals / PLLs that generate and drive the I2S BCK.
Make sure you've wired up the board correctly and the SCL is connected to ground. You can also test with the DAC board disconnected - you won't hear anything but you can test if mpd, aplay, ... lock up.
I did some tests with this PCM5102 DAC board pHAT DAC - Pimoroni on a RPi2 running LE 8.1.1 using MPD, aplay and speaker-test and everything worked as expected, neither of these locked up.
Please try to find a minimal setup (stock LE installation with only dtoverlay=hifiberry-dac in config.txt and all peripherals removed that aren't strictly needed) and post steps how to reproduce it.
BTW: Also check if you can trigger the issue with speaker-test (and various rate/format parameters, if needed), this would make it easier for me to reproduce it locally.
so long,
Hias