I manually upgraded again to LibreELEC 9.0.0 (SHA256: 1dfe766d8a2ec8b2053f2524a80db77b25026aa283409e3d86c8717befcaf5f3). I ran
systemctl stop kodi
mv .kodi kodi.old
reboot
The odroid seemed to power off instead of reboot. I waited for a few minutes in case something was happening even though I saw "no signal" on my TV. After around 5 minutes I unplugged the odroid's power and plugged it back in. LibreELEC booted and I was prompted to set up my device. I configured the CEC adapter and shutdown Kodi from the interface. I turned on the TV. My HDMI input was unchanged (HDMI 3 - Kodi). I switched to "live TV" and back to HDMI 3: the odroid did not power on.
I cycled the power on the odroid again to get it to boot. I logged in via SSH and typed "reboot". I had the same behaviour as before; the odroid seemed to be off and didn't actually reboot.
I tried the current nightly build, LibreELEC-Odroid_C2.arm-9.0-nightly-20190201-974f4cb.img.gz, moved .kodi out of the way and typed "reboot" within SSH. This time the odroid did reboot. I turned the odroid off via Kodi's interface. My TV turned off. I powered the TV back on and this was just like before: the odroid did not power on.
I went back to 8.2.5 (SHA256: 9cc3cb2cb0481753af9b5db105e1a853673150e08fc51a13904fef4ef0798c5d) and CEC is again working with my LG TV and my C2.
debug logs from the nightly build: Debian Pastezone