I'm not quite sure on the whole use case here.
You want to set up the RPi3B+ as a stand alone server, or not? Does it also have to run Kodi? If so, attached to which device?
Which protocol is required for file serving: UPnP, SMB or both?
Which device(s) will be used as a video client: the TV directly via UPnP or does the TV has its own Kodi device attached (FireTV) ?
Yes the RPi3B+ is supposed to be a media center that possibly every device in the apartment can access and stream from (not at the same time of course). That being said I think I'd only need UPnP as a protocol. If there is a more suitable solution it does not have to run Kodi necessarily.
Concerning the video clients I am using a Samsung TV that has direct UPnP functionality, a Fire TV Stick (which doesn't run Kodi at the moment) on a different non-smart TV and two Windows 10 PCs.
As I mentioned earlier, when I am playing files from the Pi directly (over HDMI) everything works fine, so I don't think there is a problem with the external HDD.