Thanks milhouse. Based on that background information I did some research on the web and in my kodi folder and found out that Qlock is a screensaver addon. Apparently I had this installed years ago. Although I've uninstalled it, it was still there in the kodi\addons folder, so I manually deleted it there (and in the addon_data folder). After rebooting and looking at the log, it wasn't there anymore. So far so good. But it didn't change anything regarding the actual problem. I've created a new log file with the problem.
The log actually contains multiple runs, but please look around the 22:40 time mark:
22:39:29.740 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CDVDInputStreamBluray::Logger - bluray.c:1536: PlayMark 2 reached (1709443968)
22:39:29.740 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CDVDInputStreamBluray::Logger - register.c:420: bd_psr_write(): PSR5 (CHAPTER) 0x2 -> 0x3
22:41:03.291 T:139992096556800 NOTICE: CVideoPlayerAudio::Process - stream stalled
22:41:03.292 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CVideoPlayer::SetCaching - caching state 1
22:41:03.292 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CDVDClock::SetSpeedAdjust - adjusted:0.000000
22:41:03.293 T:139992096556800 DEBUG: CDVDAudio::Pause - pausing audio stream
22:41:03.824 T:139992044955392 WARNING: CRenderManager::WaitForBuffer - timeout waiting for buffer
22:41:12.590 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CVideoPlayer::SetCaching - caching state 2
Having watched the same BR now multiple times to reproduce the problem, I've realized that the first problem occurs always at the same scene. Looking at the log, there's a chapter change. After that the buffering runs into a problem.
After the buffering interruption the playback continues normally for about 10 minutes. Then the playback starts to stutter. See log at 22:51. Apparently there's also a chapter change. But in contrast to the first problem there's no buffering interruption. The playback just keeps on stuttering on and on.
22:51:49.512 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CDVDInputStreamBluray::Logger - bluray.c:1536: PlayMark 5 reached (5050605696)
22:51:49.512 T:139992053348096 DEBUG: CDVDInputStreamBluray::Logger - register.c:420: bd_psr_write(): PSR5 (CHAPTER) 0x5 -> 0x6
22:52:41.395 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 0
22:52:41.692 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: Previous line repeats 2 times.
22:52:41.692 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 1
22:52:41.767 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 0
22:52:41.916 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: Previous line repeats 2 times.
22:52:41.916 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 1
22:52:41.951 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 0
22:52:42.241 T:139993633199872 DEBUG: Previous line repeats 4 times.
22:52:42.241 T:139993633199872 DEBUG: ActiveAE::SyncStream - average error -134.967496 above threshold of 100.000000
22:52:42.269 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 0
22:52:42.377 T:139993633199872 DEBUG: Previous line repeats 1 times.
22:52:42.378 T:139993633199872 DEBUG: ActiveAE::SyncStream - average error -0.967496 below threshold of 30.000000
22:52:42.385 T:139992044955392 DEBUG: CVideoPlayerVideo::CalcDropRequirement - hurry: 0
22:52:43.452 T:139993633199872 DEBUG: Previous line repeats 16 times.
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What could be the problem? Are there BR-specific settings that I could adjust?