Just for the sake of it try to format the SD card before you write a new image to it. Use gparted, delete the partitions, create a new partition table and format it to fat32.I've seen similar issues like this before and suggested sdcard formatter to people and it usually fixed the problem.
SD Card Formatter - SD Association
I tested the build you've posted and it works fine on my side.
I only have Linux and i tried with gparted and fdisk, still the same results, even gparted says the 2nd partiotion is unknown...
I think the problem is not with the sdcard itself but with the writing of the img, is there any other way to write it apart from DD?